Art Cinema and Popular Cinema

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NAME: AMI SOJITRA
PAPER: MSMC
COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,MKBU
TOPIC: ART CINEMA AND POPULAR CINEMA
CLASS: M.A. PART 2
amisojitra23@gmail.com

 ART CINEMA AND POPULAR CINEMA

 

 INTRODUCTION

Bengal was the first state to be colonized by the British. They have started to rule over India from Bengal. Most of the revolution took place in Bengal and in the initial stage of Indian film industry (Bollywood) Bengali directors have been played vital role in the development and the progress.

It was the time when drama and written material like poem, novel, stories etc. were only the source of knowledge and entertainment. As from the time of Shakespeare only stories of high class people who have a power position used to be the hero of the story even our most of the myths also support this argument. The language must be ornamental because elite people used such language which common man cannot speak.
As the Indian film industry was established in India, the theme was to go back to your roots; Initial films were about myths and Indian great history. Film is an instrument of entertainment but some of the time film becomes more than only the source of entertainment. Film is an audio visual medium so anyone can enjoy the film. So the film makers are not always the deep thinkers they are just story tellers. The story which may provide entertainment, it made us laugh or sad, it gives relief or disturb the audience.
According to Rabindranath Tagore:
"Form in art changes according to the means it uses, I believe that the new art that could be expected to develop out the motion picture has not yet made it appearance. In politics we are looking for independence in and they must do the same. Every art seeks to find its on Independent manner of expression within the world it create; otherwise it's self expression is undefined for the lack of confidence in itself......No creative genius has yet arrived to deliver it from in bondage. This act of rescue will not be easy, because in poetry, painting and music the means are not expensive, where as in the cinema, one need not only creativity but financial capital is well."
Thus, film is not only about creativity it is also about money or finance. Some of the time producers may fail to produce such a kind of film because lake of technology or maybe lack of finance. The film "Sayrat" is the best example that what the producers can do with the film if they have a financial support.
We can divide cinema into two types
1) Dominant cinema
2) Counter cinema
Dominant cinema has been made for entertainment purpose. Basically the cinema is medium of entertainment which is based on fiction and gives aesthetic pleasure to the audience. The things used to represent with the glamorization. Popular cinema can be considered as a dominant cinema. Counter cinema is also entertaining the audience but it has real story. it's based on reality which may be fails to entertain the audience but the cinema have more than entertainment. The things used to represent with the nude reality. Art cinema or parallel cinema can be considered as a counter cinema.

ART CINEMA:

One moment occurred in Indian cinema which was leaded by such directors and producers like Bimal Roy, Satyajit Ray, Ketan Mehta, Ritwik Ghatak,Raj Kapoor etc. have been introduced some avoidable part of India behind The Great Glory parts. The unheard voice was raised in parallel cinema. The glory of India is the various culture languages of the people which was reflected in Kotadi or the rural spaces. But generally in the great stories these things used to hide behind the curtain.
Cinema is not always only made of dialogues but it has meaningful frame, eye of camera, light-dominant, action, location and background music, Pause, Slow motion and fast motion which suggest more than dialogues and action. Popular cinema has also used this but parallel cinema has used this all in sensational way. Some of the time the frame suggest more than describe in the picture.
Cinema used to describe every descent things and if it is not that than it will be cover up by glamour. Most of time the bright part of country has been shown more brighten in the cinema. But the parallel cinema has focus upon the dark and the grey part of country. The thing which may provide entertainment and it gives feeling of relief or the reality will disturb the mind. Those who have money and power have been never at the side of victims may they never feel that so it was always voidable part of them and without feeling of such a pain one may not understand.
In parallel cinema, camera watched the things from both side and then audience can decide or give the judgement. Parallel cinema has been focused on the small corner of the India it maybe corner of a small village of Gujarat or the corner of Calcutta. Parallel cinema in India was produced after the Independence. After the exploitation of 200 years how the Indian looks is described in the most of the parallel cinema. Not the people are exploited by British but now their own people have started to rule and again poor become worst.
On other side the growth and progress of town and city where industrialization has attract the people from villages so the migration from City to village in some of the film is describe positively while some film have described disastrous impact of industrialization and migration. Film like Manthan shows how people of rural are uneducated and their life, politics, Social awareness, life of women, untouchability is shown in Bhavni Bhavai and Achhut Kanya, and industrialization, power, hegemony, subaltern, subjectivity represented through Do Bigha Zamin and other social issues were highlighted by parallel cinema.

POPULAR CINEMA:

The popular cinema is made to better suit what the director, producers, and actors consider as audience entertainment. Popular cinema is designed around selling tickets and making money at the expense of catering to the demands of an audience. 
An example of popular cinema is the Shaw shank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont. The cinema is based on a young banker (Andy) he had his life changed quickly when he was convicted of the murdering his wife and lover then sentenced to life in prison. As the story unfolds, Andy shows that he is a not a typical prisoner.Films were created and designed around the concept of transforming the art of still photography into a moving picture. Film has never been made for the sole purpose of catering to what audience¶s desire. Films have always been made from the artistic point of view of the director, producers, and writer.

The contribution of popular cinema is immense as it connects entire India, actor Sharmila Tagore said here on Tuesday. If she wrote her memoirs some day, she would throw more light on this subject, Ms. Tagore added. “I have learnt quite a few things from my film-scholar friends on how to look at popular cinema. We always criticize popular since but I think that the contribution of popular cinema is immense as it really connects entire India and tell us stories in a different way,” Ms. Tagore said while interacting with press-persons at the 21st edition of the Kolkata International Film Festival (KIFF).

CONCLUSION:

Thus, Art cinema and popular cinema both are similar to each other and now a days amalgamation of both the types of film become helpful to give best film to indian film industries. Film is not all about story but it has more than a simple story.

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Revolution 2020 and One Night @TheCall Canter

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NAME: AMI SOJITRA

TOPIC: CHARACTERIZATION IN THE TEXTS OF CHETAN BHAGAT WITH THE REFERENCE OF ONE NIGHT @ THE CALL CENTER AND REVOLUTION 2020

PAPER: NEW LITERATURE

COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, MKBU

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CHARACTERIZATION IN THE TEXTS OF CHETAN BHAGAT WITH THE REFERENCE OF ONE NIGHT @ THE CALL CENTER AND REVOLUTION 2020

 INTRODUCTION

‘One night at the call center’ by Chetan Bhagat is a story about the lives of six people working in a call center searching for true happiness. Beginning with a messed-up love story of the narrator “Shyam”, to the separated family life of the retired military person, we can see different short stories of each individual fighting to get peace. In the midst of their complexities they work together at the “Connextions” call center under the Manager Subhash Bakshi who acts like a villain in the story. Towards the end of the book we can see how “God” comes to rescue each one of them which leads into a major transformation of everyone’s life. We also see the downfall of Mr. Bakshi, who is taught a lesson by his agents whom he considered ‘good for nothing’ and exploited them.

  Revolution 2020 is written by Chetan Bhagat. The fiction has been started in Varansi which is one of the holy place of India. Even the protagonists were very little. Than they grew up and their dreams leads them in different direction.

Love and the Politics remain the center of the novel even there was love triangle. Money is important to live the life but money is not life.Arti, Gopal and Raghav are best friends and the protagonists of the fiction.

The novel talk about dream, love, ambition, politics, friendship and journalist. In modern time these elements become part of our life. At the every point of life these things comes to us. The realization is something important and after knowing the mistakes one have to face a big turn in life and Gopal has done that. Being a son of poor man he has dream of earning a lots of money and for that he has unknowingly stepped in to politics.

SHYAM MEHRA(ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER)

First of all the author introduces us to Shaym(Shyam Mehra)– the narrator and the most important character of the book who is the hero of the book along with his close friend Vroom. For Shyam, Priyanka who was his girlfriend as well as a colleague is the most important person in the whole story. Throughout the novel we see Shyam narrating his past dates with Priyanka with whom he has had a break up. He is a person who lacks self-confidence and therefore he is unable to achieve his girlfriend as well as a good position at his work place. He is extremely talented and efficient. Towards the end we see how he transforms himself into a completely new person and achieves whatever he wants in his life.

CHARACTER OF GOPAL (REVOLUTION 2020)

Aarti and Gopal have been childhood friends, and share a deep but platonic relationship. As teenagers, Gopal pushes Aarti for more, but she later reveals that she was not ready for anything. Gopal gets a low ranking in the AIEEE exams while Raghav is among the toppers. Gopal moves to another city (Kota), to join reputed coaching classes to help with his ranking. Raghav becomes a celebrity in the town after he passes the Indian Institute of Technology entrance exam. Aarti falls for Raghav during Gopal's absence.

Gopal becomes a rich and successful businessman, but is still heartbroken over Aarti. Despite sacrificing his lifelong love to bring about the "revolution", Gopal still doubts whether he is a "good man".

CHARACTER OF VARUN(ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER):

Varun Malhotra, call name Victor Mell, is Shyam’s friend. He loves Bikes and speeds so friends call him Vroom. He stays with his mother who has separated from his father and his father was a businessman. We can say that Varun is the most carefree person in the novel. He has a soft corner for his colleague Esha, but she has never taken him seriously till now it seems and as we know he is a very good friend of Shyam so he helps him to get back with Priyanka. Vroom is the one who saves “Connextions” call center from a major problem using his skills. In the end he gets along with Shyam and starts his own web based company.

CHARACTER OF PRIYANKA (ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER)

Priyanka- an intelligent and a practical girl who is too pre-occupied with her mother who was an extremely important person to her. For her mother’s sake she had decided to break up with her boyfriend Shyam and marry NRI Ganesh. However, things turn out to be different in the end and Priyanka chooses her love over her mother’s wishes for the sake of her own happiness.

CHARATER OF AARTI(REVOLUTION 2020):

Aarthi was in love with Gopal since her school days. This is clear from her dairy. If she has Gopal in her mind why did she love Raghav. Aarthi says "It’s sometimes about timing, and sometimes about how much you push’. So then does she accept Raghav only because he pushed her harder than Gopal. How did she ever allow herself to get " pushed" when she loves Gopal so much. More so isn't Gopal clear enough to her that he loves her since start. Why is she so ambivalent?

Aarthi could have drifted to Gopal for the time and love he gives her which she is deprived of from Raghav. But why should she have intimate relationship with him. Though unnecessary this may be the authors plot to make the story interesting and practical  in his terms. Since "Passions repressed for years came forth unleashed" did it become possible for Gopal to let leave Aarthi to Raghav after some dramatic events? Would it have been possible otherwise?

CHARACTER OF RAGHAV(REVOLUTION 2020):

Raghav decides to become a journalist and pursue a career in a newspaper publishing house. Raghav, AS a journalist, exposes the corruption-funded college and is eventually fired from the newshouse. Raghav starts his own newspaper, Revolution 2020, to "change the world" and expose the corrupt system in India. After another expose, Raghav's newspaper is shut down by politicians and thugs, and he loses almost everything.Raghav is still passionate about his activism and forgets about Aarti.

CHARACTER OF ESHA(ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER):

Esha Singh who wants to become a model. She was pretty and had been struggling quite hard to get modeling assignments but perhaps her short height is a barrier (obstacle/wall) for her choice of career. She had slept with a Designer once, to get an offer, who turned out to be a cheat. Since that incident she had formed a guilt within her which was one of the reasons of her not accepting Vroom’s proposal. In the end she decides to give up her dream to become a model and continued to work at the call center.
An aspiring model who run away  from her home because just want to b a model so that she had joined callcenter so that she could achieve her dreams. Just because her desire to b a model she had slept with one designer to get a offer and after that she realize that she was cheated by him and with the guilt she decides to give up her dream to become a model and continued to work at the call center.
 

CHARATER OF RADHIKA(ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER):

Rahika Jha, who stays with her husband and in-laws. She had married her husband against her parents’ wishes and had transformed herself completely in order to adjust herself into an orthodox family. She had been working very hard to mange her house and work. Unfortunately she finds out her husband’s affair with another woman and decides to give him a divorce. In the end she quits her husband’s family and goes to live with Esha.

CHARACTER OF MILITARY UNCLE(ONE NIGHT@ THE CALL CENTER): 

Military Uncle who live alone and having some problems with his son and grandson but at the end he realizes his mistake and decide to apologize. Military Uncle who works at the call centre to earn few money apart from the pension that he gets.

He had some misunderstanding with his Son and daughter-in-law but in the end he realizes his mistake and decides to apologize and go back to them. 

CONCLUSION:

Here in both the novel Chetan Bhagat has broken his own image of characters and the names of the character. In Revolution 2020 the names of the characters are appropriate to the nature of character but in One Night @ The Call Center has characters who have totally different characteristics than their names.


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Waiting for Barbarian and Robinson Crusoe

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NAME: AMI SOJITRA

PAPER: AFRICAN LITERATURE

TOPIC: COMPARISON BETWEEN ROBINSON CRUSOE AND WAITING FOR BARBARIAN

COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, MAHARAJA KRISHNAKUMARSINHJI BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY

amisojitra23@gmail.com

 

Robinson Crusoe

Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe at the age of fifty-nine and it was an immediate success. The story of Robinson Crusoe that has delighted the young, and the old for that matter, for over two-hundred years was actually based on an experience in the life of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the deserted island of Juan Fernandez. - See more at: http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanfiction/robinson-crusoe-introduction.html#.WOKIzJCY7qM

 

          Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe at the age of fifty-nine and it was an immediate success. The story of Robinson Crusoe that has delighted the young, and the old for that matter, for over two-hundred years was actually based on an experience in the life of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the deserted island of Juan Fernandez. 

         That Robinson Crusoe is a Defoe character is evident from the moment he finds himself shipwrecked. He acts immediately in the interest of survival, salvaging such necessities as he can from the stricken ship and building a rude shelter. Yet Crusoe’s concern is not only for his physical well-being; he begins a journal in which he plans to record his spiritual progress as it is reflected in the daily activities that mark his sojourn on the island. For nearly two decades, Crusoe works to create a life for himself, building what he needs, improvising where he must, and ultimately replicating a little corner of England on the desert island. What he accomplishes is beyond basic survival; he fashions an English life that is dependent on the transformation of raw materials into the necessities of his culture. He plants grain that he bakes into bread, he domesticates goats so that he might have milk, and he turns a cave into a cozy fortified dwelling that boasts comfortable furniture. When Friday arrives, Crusoe’s little English empire is complete: The conqueror has mastered both the territory and its people.  

         Defoe has created in Robinson Crusoe a man very like himself and very much a typical eighteenth century Englishman. Crusoe’s plebeian origins, his earnest industry, his tendency to see religious meaning in the mundane, and his talent for overcoming misfortune are all Defoe’s qualities. Like the average Englishman of his time, Crusoe is something of a bigot, and although he treats Friday well, the slave is never offered his freedom and must call Crusoe “Master.” Crusoe triumphs over his circumstances and environment, and indeed he manages to provide himself with a little paradise on earth; but he is English to the core, and with the first opportunity he returns to England and settles down to family life. 

Waiting for Barbarian

       “Waiting for the Barbarians” is a novel by the South African- born  Nobel  laureate  J. M. Coetzee.  First  published  in 1980, it was chosen by Penguin for its series Great Books of the 20^th Century and won both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize for fiction. American composer Philip Glass has also written an opera of the same name based on the book which premiered in September 2005 in Erfurt, Germany.Coetzee took the title from the poem "Waiting for the Barbarians" by Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy.

          J.M.Coetzee’s  Waiting for the Barbarian is the Meditative and Melancholy tale of an aging colonial magistrate’s futile struggle against the stupidity, brutality and racism of a government which he has served complacently all of his life. The unnamed magistrate is reluctant to take any action which would disrupt the pleasant and secure course of his life; he wishes to serve out his days “On this lazy frontier, waiting to retire”, spending his time engaged in “hunting and hawking and placid concupiscence”. Waiting for Barbarians is an allegory that much is plain from the generic terms used to describe places, people and events. It is a story meant to tell a different hidden story. It is as much about modern day warfare and scare tactics. The title ‘waiting for Barbarian’ is taken from a line from Greek poet Constantine P. Cavafy. The narrator calls himself an old man and spends almost all of his leisure time thinking of sex with girls. The difference between reading a novel such as Waiting for Barbarians as art and as propaganda is that art emphasis the universal. It is about human experience, the individual experience or the societal experience propaganda is about a specific issue with specific view point, specific agenda, about a particular society. 

         Waiting for Barbarians is about two main things: Complacency and Pain. It is a story pain, physical pain, and how its influence can drive and determines an entire society. Physical pain torture or threat of torture plays a large role in barbarians. Coetzee’s shows how at the same time man can be so afraid of physical pain as to trump any conviction or idea but also willing some times eagerly to dole out the some pain on others. The“Empire” in Barbarians is an established power in order to achieve some vague perhaps impossible objective. The Magistrate on Barbarians is a figure aroused from his complacency by a needling conscience that finally drives him to resistance against the very organization he embodies.
         The nameless character, referred to only by his title is a cog in the well- old machine of power he begins as a rather non- sympathetic character and through his transformation becomes a powerful alley for justice and doing what is right, but as usual with those who try to do what is right in a difficult situation, he comes to ruin. His physical bodies abused and destroyed he is shamed and outcast laughing stock, but what the Magistrate retains is conviction, is a sense of displacement, a sense that he doesn't belong to or in the empire and does not want to be part of its ways. He wants  to live “Outside History”. He wants to be inhuman because only humans are capable of the kinds of horrors against other humans that make us call them monsters.

AS POST COLONIAL TEXTS

    The major post-colonial theme that is extremely troubling to readers of the book today, particularly perhaps for Western readers, is the way that Robinson Crusoe seems to assume an ownership over property that he has no actual claim over, simply because of who he is.

       The post-colonial perspective on Defoe's Robinson Crusoe stems from the strand in Post-colonial studies that goes back to the classic realist or canon making texts of the colonial culture that participate in the textual politics of colonialism by upholding or allegorizing a colonial point of view. Crusoe's relation to the Black slave Friday is the issue here. The linguistic and religious colonizations are at work in the so-called civilizing project of Friday as undertaken by Crusoe. Joyce saw Crusoe as a typical Anglo-Saxon colonist. So did the likes of Coetzee in Foe where he tries to draw our attention to the silencing of the sub-altern voice in the text. Even Marquez's The Shipwrecked Sailor has shades of Robinson Crusoe but it subverts the colonial heroism-rhetoric in Defoe's text by making it prey to an inflated media construct at the end of his novel. Crusoe's home-buliding in the island is seen as a perfect metaphor for the process of colonization. The island is also called a 'colony' late in the text.

      As far as the feminist angle is concerned, Coetzee's re-writing of it in Foe also makes gender a central issue by making a woman, who spent the days in that island with an old Crusoe and the dumb Friday, the narrator of the novel. The radical exclusion of the female which seems to characterize, typify and ground Crusoe's island-colony is inverted by Coetzee who not only inserts a woman (Susan Barton)  into the tale but lets it become her tale; told by her. That the repressive agenda of patriarchy and colonialism go hand in hand is the point driven home.

"The main character in his allegorical novel, "Waiting for the Barbarians," is a magistrate in an outpost at the edge of an empire. He is aware of the dangers of passing judgement on the barbarians: while his fellow settlers blame them for lying drunk in the gutter, the magistrate finds fault with the settlers for selling them the liquor. Yet for all of his sensitivity he fails to understand the barbarian girl he adopts out of a mixture of compassion and lust. The cultural distance is too great, and at the end of the novel the magistrate concludes that his liberalism was no more helpful to the barbarians than the behavior of the soldiers who make war on them"

 CIVILIZATION 

 The meanings of civilization

1)the control or governing influence of a nation over a dependent country, territory, or people.

2)the system or policy by which a nation maintains or advocates such control or influence.

3)the state or condition of being colonial.

4)an idea, custom, or practice peculiar to a colony.

    The Magistrate begins to question the legitimacy of imperialism and.personally nurses a barbarian girl who was left crippled and partly blinded by the Third Bureau's torturers. The Magistrate has an intimate yet uncertain relationship with the girl. Eventually, he decides to take her back to her people. 
     Like an ideal colonizer Crusoe establishes his cultural dominance on the island too. He establishes the supremacy of his religion. Though the sincerity of Crusoe’s conversion and his religious commitment have been debated by critics, in Robinson Crusoe Defoe creates a Protestant who is tolerant, committed to essential practices, keenly evaluative of his own behavior in relation to his religion, intensely personal in his encounter with God, and committed through acts of interpretation to seeing God’s hand in everything. In the novel Crusoe develops a complex relationship with Friday, his find Friday willingly submits to Robinson’s orders in gratitude for having being rescued. Friday voluntarily accepts a lifelong servitude under a mutual verbal agreement.

RELATIONSHIP IN BOTH THE TEXT:

      Robinson Crusoe is man of Man Trader. The relationship between Crusoe and Friday is rather mixed one. We are confused in throughout the novel that what the relationship between them is??  Because at first point of view we can say that they have relationship of father and son because Crusoe teaches Friday that how one can well behave in manner or teaches him that how to eat and he teaches him Christianity also so from this aspect we can say that they have relationship of father and son. But from the second aspect we realise that this is not the relationship of father and son but this is the relationship of master and slave from the second aspect. This colonial aspect of master slave relationship is shown in throughout the novel example like,

[ "I made him know that his name was to be Friday...
I likewise taught him to say Master, and then let him know, that was to be my name".]

      This thing shows that Crusoe is master and he gives him name and snatched his identity from him and Crusoe never inform Friday of his real name, it displays certain hierarchy system in this novel example like Crusoe is Master and he is ‘Higher’ in position then Friday who is merely a servant of Crusoe. This is shown time of Crusoe that in that time servant is named by his master and this thing reflect by Daniel Defoe in this novel without knowing that what is his real name. In that period of time when slaves were named by their colonial masters and this is portrayed well when Crusoe gives Friday his name, without regard for what his real name might be. Friday, however, does not take this master-servant relationship badly; in fact, he welcomes it in an extremely grateful manner and displays behavior that Crusoe sees as surrender to him example like,

"he kneel'd down again, kiss'd the Ground, and laid his Head upon the Ground, and taking me by the Foot, set my Foot upon his Head; this it seems was in token of swearing to be my Slave for ever;"

        The relationship between the magistrate and the barbarian girl is certainly complicated. It begins simply enough in that the barbarian girl is assigned the task of cleaning up the magistrate's rooms. Although she does a poor job of completing this task, the magistrate keeps that to himself and endures the presence of the girl, at first out of pity and then out of selfishness.

       The relationship between the Magistrate and the barbarian girl in Waiting for the Barbarians is not at any point in the novel, a typical relationship. The Magistrates guilt for having been involved in a government that has for so long mistrusted and mistreated the barbarians manifests itself in his attraction to the barbarian girl. The affair begins on his part, as an innocent infatuation with the barbarian girl. Throughout the novel, he becomes more and more aware of the subconscious reasons he has for having such an attraction to the girl. From the time when he first begins the relationship with her to the time he leaves with her people is a progression of the clarity with which he views the relationship. 

              The Magistrate begins to be intrigued by the girl in a fairly natural way. As he sees her, a blind barbarian girl begging on the streets, left behind by her people, he feels an attraction for her. They begin their relationship (if such a one-sided relationship can actually be labeled one at all) in a completely physical way. The Magistrate is content with only dealing with her body. He massages her, bathes her, and sleeps next to her. He is completely satisfied with this seemingly normal relationship. So I lie beside this healthy young body while it knits itself in sleep into ever sturdier health, working in silence even at the points of irrediable damage, the eyes, the feet, to be whole again.As a combination of a lover and healer, the Magistrate feels comfort in being with the scarred, broken, barbarian girl. While he may not know yet why, the washing and massaging of the girls body brings him a certain healing effect. The Magistrate easily succumbs to ! the feeling of peace he receives from pampering her. 

CONCLUSION:

Thus, Robinson Crusoe and Waiting for Barbarian both are different texts and both were written by different perspective. We can connect both in post colonial view and it is not false to say that barbarian or the one who is slave has always suffered and the relationship between black and white is always like master and slave.


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Daniel Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe at the age of fifty-nine and it was an immediate success. The story of Robinson Crusoe that has delighted the young, and the old for that matter, for over two-hundred years was actually based on an experience in the life of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk, who spent four years on the deserted island of Juan Fernandez. - See more at: http://www.bachelorandmaster.com/britishandamericanfiction/robinson-crusoe-introduction.html#.WOKIzJCY7qM

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Comparison between the Film Waiting for Godot(2001) and the written play Waiting for Godotmodern literature from amisojitra

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2) American Literature
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Concept of sin in Old man and the sea and for other workers like farmer,Shepherd and butchers from amisojitra

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3) Post Colonial Literature

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Black woman in the essay of Franz Fenon-Black skin White mask from amisojitra

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  4) English Language Teaching 1



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Syllabus design Elt ! from amisojitra


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A CONFLICT OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE IN SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENTION OF SOCIO-LINGUISTIC BILINGUAL OF GUJARAT: CASE STUDY

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NAME: AMI SOJITRA

PAPER: ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

CLASS: M.A. PART 2

TOPIC: A CONFLICT OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE IN SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENTION OF SOCIO-LINGUISTIC BILINGUAL OF GUJARAT: CASE STUDY

COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, MKBU

A CONFLICT OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE IN SOCIO-CULTURAL DIMENTION OF SOCIO-LINGUISTIC BILINGUAL OF GUJARAT: CASE STUDY

In India now a day we find struggle of children between two Mediums of study -Mother tongue and English. Some of the people believe that the child must study in English medium school because without English no one have future. English is international language so if anyone want to go ahead than English is the first Step. But the primary thing to accept any language is the Culture. Whenever we accept any language we need to be familiar with the culture.

Culture and the language both are closely connected with each other that even we want to just learn the language and not follow the culture than its nearly impossible. The roots of any language is always the culture. So here I have try to know that is it just easy for the children who study in English medium and also the parents are supporting him but what about the other? When he goes back to his culture is it easy for him to adjust with others? Socio- culture is my primary field of study.

English as language is spreading in the world like a wind. So every parents want their child must be master of English language so he must never face any problem. My area of study is Problems of children who are studying in English medium school even their parents are also supporting them to create such environment but when they go back to their culture and meet other people of their society is it difficult for them to adjust with other? What kind of problems they are facing? They feel superiority over them or feeling inferiority? They become Central of attention or avoiding by others? They match with every one of just running away from other children?

Human is a social Animal. We cannot live without society but we also want to has some superior status in our society. To just increase our level in society we are running fast and fast. Parents are not asking the child that what he want? As per the need of English in the society we find that if the child is studying in English medium that somewhere it’s give satisfaction to parents that they have done their best for child. Generally, many cases come on the headline that if parents cannot give appropriate atmosphere to the child at home that he get confuse between two languages.

Modern Parents are also trying to make everything easy for the child so they are starting to behave like a English man. The English culture, manners, way of living life, attitude and aptitude, even celebrate such festival which give some sense to the child that how to be in such occasion. No doubt this will be very helpful to the child but what if other child from the family are not getting the same environment? When they all get together in any occasion or any other festival than this child must find himself different from others.

Here I have studied some cases in which I find what the children have facing because of their culture and life is different.

CASE STUDY:

Before I represent my report I want to say that its always become difficult for some to adjust easily in any culture but after all it depends on an individual.

1. KhushChetanbhaiGelani

Std. 5

P.P.Savani school, Surat

English Medium

In this case I have studied on the base of Age. I find that parents are very supportive and also well educated. His mother is trying her best to improve his level in study. They are celebrating such festivals like Christmas, He knows about the Bunny not only as animal but also reference with Christianity. His mother is doing this all because its helps him to adjust when he goes to the school and not feel alienation.

But when I have asked her mother about his behaviour when he meet other children she was disappointed from her child. He cannot easily understand what others are playing, even the language is also major problem which don’t allow him to connect with other easily. When other children are playing in dirt and not so clean he avoids to go with them.

He cannot understand his mother tongue properly so he doesn’t understand what elders are saying. And sometimes elders also shout on him because they think he is not obedient to them.

2. Milan J. Dobariya

Std.10

St. Xavier High school, Nasik

He is also the one who have Gujarati family background but he is studying in English Medium from the childhood. Even he is living very far from home and coming only few times to visit his home and parents at Gujarat. As he is living away from the Gujarat and Gujarati people he is just alien to most of the Gujarati rituals. Even he wasavoided to come home in the vacation.

Whenever he come back to home he feels that he is not a family member because he doesn’t like the behaviour of other children of family. When everyone playing together he used to stay silent. But as he become elder he understands everything about Gujarati Culture. He can understand the Gujarati language because he learnt that.

3)SavanPatotkar

Std. 8

Sister Nivodita High school, Hyderabad

She belongs from Marathi family. Her parents are living at Hyderabad but their roots lied in Maharashtra. She has spent her childhood at Maharashtra but later on they have shifted to Hyderabad. She has some blurred memory of her childhood days. Even after shifting to Hyderabad they are following the culture of that place and living like the part of that place.

After 9 years her family have visited her homeland again. When she has gone there she feels that she come to some unknown place among the stranger. She faced many problems. The first is Language, because everyone speaking Marathi Fluent but she finds problem in speaking. She cannot understand the rituals of people, Even the way of living life is something different.

4)Priyanka Chattopadhyay

Std. MA Sem 3

Department of English, Pune University

Priyanka is a girl a mature girl. She has studied in throughout English Medium. She has also passed many years with atmosphere of English. And when she came back to her culture she doesn’t feel any difficulty because she used to visit her homeland often. She was much familiar with her culture and English culture.

From the beginning she has maintained relation between her school culture, college culture, home culture etc. When a person become mature than maybe he/she feels comfortable in any condition or may be its become easy to adjust in any condition.

These are some of the case study that I have studied. When I was working on that I find that maturity level of the person also played a vital role in understand and adjustment. Sometimes it’s also create such a problem when they go outside from their secure zone and its really become uncomfortable for them. Sometimes they also have to suffer because of language and culture. When no one around them try to understand they became failure to realize their problem to others.

Society and Language both are interwoven with each other from the ancient time. So we cannot separate them. Whenever any language dies it’s not only death of language but its death of the culture, death of one society, death of one human colonialism. Today English has played such a vital role in the death of many languages, many cultures and many colonies.

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Negative reading of the character of Mrs. Ramsay

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NAME: AMI SOJITRA

PAPER: MODERNIST LITERATURE

TOPIC: READING OF THE CHARACTER OF MRS. RAMSAY IN THE NEGATIVE CONTEXT

COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,MKBU

CLASS: M.A. PART 2

“READING OF THE CHARACTER OF MRS. RAMSAY IN THE NEGATIVE CONTEXT”

“To The Lighthouse” is the novel which become famous because the writer has used the technique of Stream of Consciousness. Even we find that When Virginia Woolf has written the novel when women were not writing. Even they were only doing the household works. Without focussing on the introduction lets directly focus on the interesting matters.

To The Lighthouse is written by one woman so obviously the focus must be on the woman. She was suffering from several kinds of problems because she was ambitious while at that time generally the duty of women is to serve husband and children and doing household works. But she has some different vision. She has started to write so it was something against the social values and norms of the society. Even being a woman we find her desire to be a writer and also to be a successful woman writer.

In her book we find many characters but the central character of the novel is Mrs. Ramsay. She is in the centre and the novel begin when she was alive and its ends when she was dead. Can we say that the whole novel is all about the women who is just doing household works? Is it all about a woman who is pampering ego of all the man(male)? is it the novel about a woman who loves to cooking and to take care of guest? Or there is also something else.

Generally, when we discuss the use of Symbol in the novel we got hundreds of article which discuss that Mrs. Ramsay as the central character and obviously when we look at the novel with that perspective but that is not all as I have seen. I find that Mrs. Ramsay is not that much great as it was shown by the writer or maybe she was characterised by many of critics. She has many weaknesses and may it represent that Virginia Woolf has not created her that much great but it was the vision of the society not her. How the people give the attention towards any woman not because of her ambition like man but woman are generally judged by their wok and how she is great in cooking, how she pampers the ego of the man???

Now let’s discuss the character of Mrs. Ramsay but not with the typical way as we have seen her from the earlier time. Let’s look at her with the modern Perspective. Let’s discuss her negative points which may Virginia Woolf want us to see.

MRS. RAMSAY WITH HER HUSBAND AND CHILDREN

Mrs. Ramsay is somewhere bridge between Mr. Ramsay and the children. in the beginning we find that When Ramsay refused to go Lighthouse the little boy wants to kill him for being so rude and he love his mother. Let’s not connect here the relation of mother and child with any complex because it will not make the point clear. Here we find that until Mrs. Ramsay was alive there is not good relation between father and children Because Mr. Ramsay was straight forward any decision and also very realistic man. Even in the novel also we find,

“What he said was true. It was always true. He was incapable of untruth; never tampered with a fact; never altered a disagreeable word to suit the pleasure or convenience of any mortal being, least of all of his own children, who, sprung from his loins, should be aware from childhood that life is difficult; facts uncompromising; and the passage to that fabled land where our brightest hopes are extinguished, our frail barks founder in darkness”

He has many problems and so he was also not that much rich compare to the spend of Mrs. Ramsay.

Mrs. Used to pamper the ego of all the man no matter if he is her husband or the little child or may any guest. Mrs. Was a sweet tongued to all the man but she was not that much good to her daughter. When the father was angry or not good to her son she is always there to pamper his ego and so that little boy(James) loves his mother. She was not much great to her daughter. So we find that she was biased towards her own children.

During the whole day she was trying to make everyone happy as we have seen but that was not truth. Once we find that she was saying that she wants be immortal and always remain in the memory of the everyone.

MRS. RAMSAY AS THE BRIDGE BETWEEN CHILDREN AND FATHER OF THE REASON OF GAPE

Mrs. Ramsay is the mother so as the idea woman it’s her duty to maintain the relationship or establish the good relationship between father and children. We can see that she was bridge between father and children but just because of that there is no relation between father and children. Even when father become rude to children instead of make other to understand the point of their father she used to give false promises. She used to tell the tales and stories to them which are not real and also teach greed.

When the little boy(James) was afraid at the night because of the mask of that animal she wraps her clothe there rather than make them brave and face the reality.

MRS. RAMSAY: HER DESIRE TO BE IMMORTAL

Mrs. Was once talking that whatever she was doing is just to remain forever in the memory of everyone. She also become successful in that because after her death she also remain in the memory of the everyone. Many years have been passed but no one is capable to replace her in the home.

“Some empty spaces are reserved no one can

replace them.”

Mrs. Ramsay is also the place that no one can replace that. At the end when they were going to the Lighthouse finally there was silent but everyone was missing her. When the first time Mr. Ramsay praise James, he become very happy. He was waiting for that moment from many years and they didn’t jump in joy but his facial expression was everything to show his happiness. Virginia Woolf has written that,

“What do you want? they both wanted to ask. They both wanted to say, Ask us anything and we will give it you. But he did not ask them anything”

That unknown silence between all of them has many voices even they all can heard that but no one wants to answer. Before they have landed to the Lighthouse it was very difficult to pass such areas and so Mr. Ramsay praise him the moment was described as,

“He looked at it attentively; he made, perhaps, some mathematical calculation. At last he said, triumphantly:

"Well done!" James had steered them like a born sailor.

There! Cam thought, addressing herself silently to James. You've got it at last. For she knew that this was what James had been wanting, and she knew that now he had got it he was so pleased that he would not look at her or at his father or at any one. There he sat with his hand on the tiller sitting bolt upright, looking rather sulky and frowning slightly. He was so pleased that he was not going to let anybody share a grain of his pleasure. His father had praised him. They must think that he was perfectly indifferent. But you've got it now, Cam thought.

    Finally, that silence was broken. And Lily Briscoe has also completed her picture. It was about Mrs. Ramsay and we can say that as she was framed in the picture she was disappeared from the relations of father and children.

    Lily Briscoe is totally opposite to Mrs. Ramsay and that is the reason that she is not at the centre. But the modern reading proves her as the centre not Mrs. Ramsay.

Lily is not doing anything to get praise, she is not living her life for others or sacrificing her life for others, she has her own dreams, she is realistic, she doesn’t want to be immortal, whatever she was doing have never selfish purpose. So the modern reading of character of Lily and Mrs. Ramsay made a different perspective.

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Use of colour consciousness in Indian film and advertisement

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 NAME: AMI SOJITRA

         CLASS: M.A. PART 2

         PAPER: POST COLONIAL LITERATURE

         TOPIC: USE OF COLOR CONSCIOUSNESS IN INDIAN FILM                             AND ADVERTISEMENT

        COLLEGE: DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH,MKBU

USE OF COLOUR CONSCIOUSNESS IN INDIAN FILM AND ADVERTISEMENT

             Franz Fanon is a very famous writer of the African Literature. He has written one essay which represent the problems and the culture of African people. “Black Skin White Mask” is basically written in French language. But what we see is that not only in the Africa but also in the other countries, the black skin people are suffering for being the black skin everywhere. There we find that Black people are always consider as the minority.

In Africa The black women are suffering because they are not only humiliated by White man but they were humiliated by White man, white women as well as black man.  It is not happening from few years but they are being minority from the ancient time because in the bible we find that Angles are white and the devils are always Black.

         This is all about Africa and other country where only black and white people are living but now lets discuss about colour consciousness in Indian Film and advertisement in Indian Film industry.

COLOUR CONSCIOUSNESS IN INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY AND ADVERTISEMENT:

           India is not the country of white people but still black skin people are suffering a lot. Without focusing on other matters I have tried to concentrate on the Colour consciousness in Indian Film Industry and the Advertisement.

          India is basically the country of the not any particular types of people but here we find that India is such a country where people are living together with many culture and many colour but do we say the same thing about our film and Advertisement?

         Lets start with the Advertisement of children accessories:

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKfecuzQMis

            This is the link of Advertisement of Huggies. Lets not just look at this as an entertainment but we find that they have used the image of child is white baby why not the black baby?

           This is mindset of people that white is colour which always attract the while black colour is just like yak.. so in the advertisement industry we find that white colour is in the central. Its always remain in our mind no matter we accept or not but its there somewhere and consciously or unconsciously appear in our behaviour and our choice. Now just think that if there is some black baby in the advertisement that it may not look decent to us.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4F1uo80lbY

             This is again advertisement where we find that baby is white.. can we say something like the soap is reserved just for white baby or something like if black baby will also take bath from that soap than he will also become white?

             No more discussion on this children advertisement. Now lets discuss about the Women accessories.

   https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L910c5oMnH0

              This is link of fairness cream advertisement. The girl has much fair skin. We don’t find that she need any fairness cream to look more white. Or it is just attempt to make people fool? Why they don’t choose any black skin girl for advertisement? We generally believe that white colour stand for honesty while black stand for evil or sadness. Why?? Why we are not looking at them just as human being?? Why we don’t have concept of Black beauty?? These all will remain just as question which never get answer.

 Even our Indian Black beauty heroines are also not represented as black but they wear too much make ups that they also look much fair. Bipasha Basu is the final example of Black Beauty.

    

 Black Beauty Make up Masked

                                               

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZTsuwYgl48

           Here one more advertisement where you find style is not everything but your skin colour is something which is enough to attract the girls. Ohh.. c’mon man girls are not just like that. Why the girl was not interested in him? just because of his black colour? That’s not true otherwise none of the black skin person ever loved by anyone.

COLOUR CONSCIOUSNESS IN INDIAN FILM INDUSTRY:

        

  Whatever shown by Bollywood stars are always spread among the people and its become a fashion.At some point we find that they always stand as some ideal people because we follow whatever shown by them. In many films we find that they have given the reference of white and black people. In the beginning period we find that only the person who have pretty face and fair colour is the one who got place in Bollywood. But the scenario is changed with the time. Now a days Specially when the directors show some faces of foreign they are not only showing white faces but black people are also there. But still they are marginalised.

       The film Queen also have one reference. It is the film when a girls have three friends. But at somewhere we find that she has not that much influenced Tim (the black fellow). Even when they used to go anywhere we find he was not that much in the centre or even not equally represented as other friends.

       We people believe that black coloured people are very strong and healthy. They don’t use their mind and just blindly followed the things without any influence to it. Why there is no concept of Black Heroine?

        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i2jwd8RN1A0

       This is an example where man could have never imagined his beloved as black girl. The another man is in love with that black lady but our hero find her disgusting. Is it just comedy or we are making fun on black people?

India is not the country of white man but we were colonised by white man in such way that we are not capable to look at the concept of black beauty. There are also several film example in Bollywood where we find if they describe black man as foreign influence or in the group of friends than also somewhere he must be marginalised.

       After the film "Barfi"Priyanka has described her suffering time because of black kin to The Times Of India, which is something like this,

People had a lot of issues about the fact that I was dusky and not a conventional-looking heroine. But I still got the opportunities I did. Grooming is a very important part of any girl's life.

"In the early days, I did not even know how to apply make-up. Over the years, with the help of various teams, I have worked on a vision of me and there are things that I could change in the process. This is true of most heroines.

"You learn to take care of yourself. I am not against plastic surgery. If it helps build self-esteem, I don't think there is anything wrong with it. But if it becomes an obsession, that can be a problem. For me, I got confidence from my films doing well."

http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a402305/priyanka-chopra-my-dark-skin-was-a-problem-in-bollywood/

      But why this concept is not applying on the man? In Bollywood we find many black heroes but they don’t need to show their white face. The film Freaky Ali in which hero is black but the heroine is much Fair. After all this is Bollywood.

CONCEPT OF BLACK:

         Black color is always seen as sadness or violence while white stand for peace and Angle. But who is the person who has started this? He must be someone white man. Black man is not always avoided by black man but we brown people also feel that we are superior and they are inferior. But now a day the concept is changed in other countries. The Hollywood is the example where we find black people also played the lead role. They are not always represented as negative character but they also described as loyal, courageous, even some times more smart than white. 

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